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''Gymnadenia'' is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae) containing 22 terrestrial species. They can be found in damp meadows, fens and marshes, and on chalk or limestone, often in alpine regions of Europe and Asia from Portugal to Kamchatka, including China, Japan, Mongolia, Siberia, the Himalayas, Iran, Ukraine, Germany, Scandinavia, Great Britain, etc.〔(Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families )〕〔(Flora of China, v 25 p 133, 手参属 shou shen shu, ''Gymnadenia'' R. Brown in W. T. Aiton, Hortus Kew., ed. 2. 5: 191. 1813. )〕〔(Altervista Flora Italiana, Manina rosea, Fragrant Orchid, ''Gymnadenia conopsea'' (L.) R. Br. )〕 The Fragrant Orchid (''Gymnadenia conopsea'') has been introduced into the USA and is reportedly naturalized in Connecticut.〔(Biota of North America Program, county distribution map )〕 These hardy terrestrial orchids are deciduous. They survive the winter through their corms, two deep-cut tubers (more like tuberous roots). Long lanceolate green leaves grow at the bottom of the stem. There are some small leaves at the stop of the stem. They flower during the summer. The inflorescence is a dense cylindrical spike between 5 and 30 cm long. It can consists of up to 150 small pleasant-smelling flowers. It is recently discovered that eugenol and isoeugenol, floral volatile scent compounds, are catalyzed by single type of enzyme in Gymnadenia species and gene encoding for this enzyme is first functionally characterized gene in this species so far.〔 Gupta A K, Schauvinhold I, Pichersky E, and Schiestl F P. 2014. Eugenol synthase genes in floral scent variation in Gymnadenia species. Functional & Integrative Genomics.14(4):779-788 doi:10.1007/s10142-014-0397-9.〕 Their color can vary from pale purple to pink and white. The lip is wide with three lobes. The marginal petals are horizontal. There is a long, thin, threadlike spur. Several species were formerly classified under ''Nigritella''. The nothogeneric name ×''Gymnigritella'' was used for hybrids between these two groups. == Species == *''Gymnadenia archiducis-joannis''〔Formerly in ''Nigritella''.〕 (Austria) *''Gymnadenia austriaca''〔 (C. Europe to Pyrenees). * *''Gymnadenia austriaca'' var. ''austriaca''〔 (C. Europe) - Tuber geophyte * *''Gymnadenia austriaca'' var. ''gallica''〔 (Pyrenees, W. Alps) - Tuber geophyte *''Gymnadenia bicornis'' (Tibet) *''Gymnadenia borealis'' (N. & C. Europe) *''Gymnadenia × breinerorum''〔 (''G. cenisia'' × ''G. corneliana'') (France) *''Gymnadenia buschmanniae''〔 (Italy) *''Gymnadenia carpatica''〔 (''E. Carpathians'') *''Gymnadenia cenisia''〔 (''France'') *''Gymnadenia × chanousiana''〔Formerly in ×''Gymnigritella''.〕 (''G. cenisia'' × ''G. conopsea'') (France) *''Gymnadenia conopsea'' - Fragrant Orchid (Europe to Temp. E. Asia) *''Gymnadenia corneliana'' (Beauverd) Teppner & E.Klein (SW. Alps) * *''Gymnadenia corneliana'' var. ''bourneriasii'' (E.Breiner & R.Breiner) Pellic (2005) - formerly ''Nigritella corneliana'' subsp. ''bourneriasii'' *''Gymnadenia crassinervis'' (China) *''Gymnadenia × delphineae''〔 (''G. corneliana'' × ''G. rhellicani'') (France) *''Gymnadenia dolomitensis''〔 (S. Alps) *''Gymnadenia × eggeriana''〔 (''G. austriaca'' var. ''gallica'' × ''G. rhellicani'') (France) *''Gymnadenia emeiensis'' (China - Sichuan) *''Gymnadenia frivaldii'' (Balkan Pen. to S. Carpathians) *''Gymnadenia gabasiana''〔 (Pyrenees) *''Gymnadenia × godferyana''〔 (Alps) (''G. conopsea'' × ''rubra'') *''Gymnadenia × heufleri'' (''G. nigra'' × ''G. odoratissima'') (Alps) *''Gymnadenia × intermedia'' (''G. conopsea'' × ''G. odoratissima'') (Europe) * *''Gymnadenia × intermedia'' nothosubsp. ''intermedia'' (Europe) - Tuber geophyte * *''Gymnadenia × intermedia'' nothosubsp. ''proxima''.(''G. conopsea'' × ''G. odoratissima'' subsp. ''ongicalcarata'') (SW. Europe) - Tuber geophyte *''Gymnadenia lithopolitanica''〔 (SE. Alps) *''Gymnadenia microgymnadenia'' (NC. China) *''Gymnadenia neottioides'' A.Rich. & Galeotti (Mexico) *''Gymnadenia nigra''〔 (Europe, Israel) *''Gymnadenia odoratissima'' (Europe) * *''Gymnadenia odoratissima'' subsp. ''longicalcarata'' (Spain) - Tuber geophyte * *''Gymnadenia odoratissima'' subsp. ''odoratissima'' (Europe) - Tuber geophyte *''Gymnadenia orchidis'' (Himalaya to China) *''Gymnadenia propinqua'' A.Rich. & Galeotti (Mexico) *''Gymnadenia × pyrenaeensis''〔 (''G. conopsea'' × ''G. gabasiana'') (Pyrenees) *''Gymnadenia rhellicani''〔 (W. Alps) * * ''Gymnadenia rhellicani'' var. ''robusta'' - formerly ''Nigritella rhellicani'' Teppner & E.Klein var. ''robusta'' (P.Delforge) Kreutz, 2004 *''Gymnadenia × robatschiana''〔 (''G. cenisia'' × ''G. rhellicani'') (France) *''Gymnadenia rubra''〔 (C. & E. Alps, S. Carpathians) *''Gymnadenia runei'' (Sweden) *''Gymnadenia stiriaca''〔 (Austria) *''Gymnadenia taquetii'' (Korea) *''Gymnadenia × truongiae''〔 (''G. conopsea'' × ''G. corneliana'') (France) *''Gymnadenia × turnowskyi''〔 (''G. conopsea'' × ''G. lithopolitanica'') (Austria) *''Gymnadenia × wettsteiniana''〔 (''G. nigra'' × ''G. rubra'') (Alps) * ''Gymnadenia widderi''〔 (NE. Alps, C. Italy) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gymnadenia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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